Abstract

Climate change is transforming the marine and freshwater ecosystems at a rate that is not within the capabilities of traditional biodiversity observing. Normal moral surveys are often characterized by poor detection rates of rare species and cannot detect physiological stress until death occurs. The paper will assess the predictive potential of the High-Throughput sequencing (HTS) methodologies, namely environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding, population genomics (RAD-seq), and transcriptomics, as key engineering instruments in ecological forecasting. It is proven that the use of genomic data is important to statistically improve the resolution of biodiversity measurements. According to recent meta-analyses, eDNA metabarcoding is better at increasing the sensitivity of species detection over traditional netting and visual surveys. Moreover, the determination of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can be used to produce the so-called Genomic Vulnerability Indices, which are an effective measure of the incompatibility between present genotypes and future climatic projections. Comparative analysis points to the idea that marine systems are more connected and permit gene flow, which counters localized extinction, whilst freshwater populations have statistically different fragmentation signatures, which increase risks to climate. It is found that range shift predictions in Species Distribution Models (gSDMs) are less uncertain with the inclusion of genomic variables. With the swap in descriptive observation to high-throughput data engineering, conservation strategies will shift their approach to crisis management to proactive evidence-based resilience planning.