Abstract

When Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus sp., E. coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were cultured on Mueller–Hinton, the ZOI significantly increased. Compared with the other concentrations and bacteria, the percentage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 75%. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. coli, the optimal minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 75% at concentrations of 75% and 40 and 35 mm, respectively; for Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus sp., the MIC was 50% at a concentration of 75%. For all the microorganisms at a concentration of 10%, the MAC was 10%. Gallic acid (43.2%), isorhamnetin (14%), kaempferol, myricetin, qurcitin, coumaric acid, and ferulic acid were the components with the best extraction results at a 75% ethanolic concentration. The concentration of gallic acid, which was 43.2% at a concentration of 75%, increased with increasing ethanol concentration. 75% was the optimal extraction concentration that yielded numerous components. These findings suggest that while some substances (orsorhamnetin and kaempferol) may be extracted more successfully at higher ethanol concentrations, gallic acid may be better extracted at higher ethanol concentrations. The maximum ZOI and MIC for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. coli, which reached 75% and 50% for Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus sp., respectively, were enhanced by the highest concentration of gallic acid (75%) extraction liquid that can be used as an antibiotic for pathogen bacteria and bioremediation for eco-remediation.